In an industrial situation, where it is required to measure and control some aspect of a process, it is often the application of the knowledge and the ingenuity of the Engineer or Technician which is relied upon to solve the measurement and control problem. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the principle of operation of a range of sensors/transducers and instrumentation techniques applicable in an industrial situation combined with an understanding and knowledge of Process control techniques and tuning methods, equips the Engineer or Technician with the necessary skills and makes them invaluable in their workplace.
This course is designed to help students to understand the operating principles and concepts of instrumentation and measurement systems including impedance coupling, intrinsic safety and testing and will enable them to acquire knowledge relating to the characteristics and properties of the variables being measured.
After completing this course, Students will gain an understanding of the Process measurement systems and methods used in a modern instrumentation system.
WHO SHOULD COMPLETE THIS COURSE?
- Electricians
- Mechanics
- Engineers
- Apprentices
- Electronic Technicians
- Machine Operators
- Control Technicians
- Schedule/Planners
- HVAC Technicians
- High Performance Work-team Members
- Instrumentation Technicians
- Plant Managers & Supervisors
COURSE OUTLINE
MEASUREMENTS
- Units of measurements
- Measurement performance and specifications
- Control performance and specification
- Definitions of terminology
- P&ID symbols
- Control system & temperature measurement
- Instrument air system & application
HYDRAULICS & PRESSURE
- Hydraulics
- Classification of hydraulics
- Example of hydraulic system
- Properties of hydraulic fluids
- Pressure
- Pressure in liquid
- Pascal's law
- Pressure flow relationship
- Flow measurement
- Elements of instrumentation lines
- Representation of hydraulic schemes
- Hard ware, fitting and accessories
- Safety issues
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
- Static pressure
- Dynamic pressure
- Pascal's law – explanation
- Derived unit – pressure
- Pressure – force – area relationship
- Pressure – unit
- Conversion factor
- Ways to express pressure
- Pressure – flow relationship
- Force multiplication
WAYS OF MEASURING PRESSURE
- Pressure transducers – mechanical
- Bourdon tube
- Helix & spiral tubes
- Spring and bellows
- Single & double inverted bell
- Manometer
TRANSDUCERS & ELECTRICAL ELEMENT
- Pressure transducers & electrical elements
- Strain gauge
- Vibrating wire
- Piezoelectric
- Diaphragm
- Differential pressure transmitter
- Capacitance pressure measurement
- Linear variable differential transformers
- Optical sensor
- Impact on overall control loop
- Over pressure protection
LEVEL AND VOLUME MEASUREMENT
- Simple Sight Glass
- Gauging rod
- Buoyancy tape system
- Wire guided float detector
- Volume measurement for different vessel shapes
- Pressure gauge
DENSITY, ULTRASONIC & RADAR MEASUREMENT
- Static pressure
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Differential pressure
- Range suppression and elevation
- Dry & wet reference legs for closed tanks
- Radiation sources & detectors
- Strip detector
- Bubble tube method
- Diaphragm box
- Weighing methods
- Ultrasonic measurements
- Radar measurement
- Continuous level measurement
ELECTRICAL LEVEL MEASUREMENT
- Conductive level detector
- Installation example
- Field level detection
- Capacitive level measurement
- Installation of tuning fork
- Probe versions
- Level transmitter, switches and monitoring
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:
- Thermocouple
- Principles
- Thermocouple
- Averaging temperatures
- Thermocouple construction
- Applications
- Thermocouple voltage curves
- TC advantages, disadvantages and limitations
RTD & THERMISTOR
- RTDs
- 2,3and 4-wire RTD
- RTD - applications, advantages disadvantages
- Thermowell
- Thermistors
- Thermistor – selection and sizing
- Packing of thermistor
- Thermistor – advantages, disadvantages and application limitations
- Comparative transfer curve
OTHER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
- Liquid –in-glass
- Filled devices
- Bimetallic strip
- Non-contact pyrometers
- Infra-red pyrometers
FLOW MEASUREMENT
- Basic terms and concepts
- Bernoulli's equations
- Flow measurement
- Differential pressure flow meter
- Primary element
- Venture tube
- Pitot tube
FLOW MEASUREMENT METHODS - I
- Positive displacement meters
- Rotating vane meter
- Rotating lobe meter
- Turbine flow meter
- Variable area flow meter
- Coriolis effect
- Coriolis meter construction
- Thermal mass flow meter
- Principle of magnetic flow meter
- Magnetic flow meter
FLOW MEASUREMENT METHODS - II
- Ultrasonic flow measurement
- Transit time & measurement
- Doppler Effect
- Vortex meter
- Coanda flow meter
- Operation of feedback oscillator
- Wet gas flow measurement
- Open channel flow measurement
- Rectangular, cippoletti and V-notch weirs
- Future technologies
- Multivariable flow meter
SELECTION AND INSTALLATION OF DEVICES
- Selection criteria and considerations
- Process material properties
- Application & performance
- Measuring devices and technology
- Installation
- Economics
- Vendor supply
- Environment and safety
NOISE, ELECTROSTATIC & MAGNETIC COUPLING
Noise
- Commonly encountered sources of interference
- Sources of noise
- Noise and earthing
- Effects of noise
- Electrostatic coupling & noise reduction
- Minimization of electrostatic coupling
- Magnetic coupling
- Magnetic shield to reduce magnetic coupling
IMPEDANCE COUPLING & MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
- Impedance coupling
- Operational faults in loops
- Noise reduction techniques
- Differential pressure transmitter
- Ground loop interference
- Single point grounding
- Advantages of fibre optics
- Suppression techniques
- Bias resistor to minimize noise
- Material of construction
- Selection and sizing - Liners
INTRINSIC SAFETY AND AREA CLASSIFICATION
- Fire triangle
- Spark ignition characteristic
- Intrinsically safe circuit
- Current limiting from CV supply
- Voltage limiting network
- Energy limiting arrangement
- Area classification and example
- Area classification plan
- Ex p Operation : pressurization
- Ex q: power filling
- Ex m: Encapsulation
- Ex e: increased safety
- Types of protection techniques
- Advantages of IS instrumentation
INSTRUMENT ERROR & INTEGRATION OF SMART SUBSYSTEMS
- Linear device in series
- Multiple instruments connected in series
- Nonlinear devices and error in non-linear devices
- Calculation of total error
- Traditional instrumentation systems
- Smart transmitter
- Highway addressable remote transducer protocol
- Smart instrument
- Fieldbus
- Smart instrument and fieldbus
- Fieldbus to typical control system
TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF SUBSYSTEMS
- Testing and commissioning of subsystems