Process instrumentation is all about measuring, recording and controlling the necessary parameters involved in an action. Hence it is important to maintain a greater level of precision in this process.
This course gives a complete idea about process instrumentation, various types of measurements involved depending upon the situation and instruments used for this purpose.
After completion of this course, students will get a wider and clear idea about level, pressure, temperature, flow measurement and also about smart transmitters.
WHO SHOULD COMPLETE THIS COURSE?
- Electronics engineers
- Power system analysts
- Instrumentation engineers/ technicians
- Electricians/Operators
- Electrical engineers
- Instrumentation & control engineers
- Electric Power Utility engineers
- Technical Managers
- Process Engineers/Operators
COURSE OUTLINE
PROCESS & TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
- Basic units of measurement
- Measurement performance terms & specifications
- Definitions of terminology
- Overall control system
- Temperature measurement
- Thermocouples & Thermistors
LEVEL & FLOW MEASUREMENT
- Principle of level measurement
- Ultrasonic
- Weighing method
- Hydraulics
- Properties of hydraulic fluids
- Pressure
- Pressure at a point in liquid
- Pascal’s law
- Flow measurement
- Vortex flow meters
- Ultrasonic flow measurements
- Elements of instrumentation line
- Hardware & accessories
- Fittings and accessories
- Safety issues
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
- Practical: Pressure & Temperature
- Radioactive level measurement
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
- Static pressure
- Dynamic pressure
- Pascal’s law
- Units for pressure
- Ways of expressing pressure
- Relation between pressure & flow
- Pressure-Force-Area relationship
- Pressure transducers – Mechanical
- C-Bourdon pressure element
- Helix & Spiral tubes
- Spring & bellows switch
- Diaphragm, Bellows or Piston
- Inverted bell
- Manometer
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS & INSTALLATION CONSIDERATION
- Pressure transducers & electrical element
- Strain gauge & vibrating wire
- Piezoelectric
- Capacitance pressure measurement
- Linear variable differential transformers pressure measurement
- Optical sensors
- Installation consideration
- Impact on overall control loop
- Over pressure protection
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
- Level measurement
- Principles of level measurements
- Simple sight glass
- Gauging rod
- Buoyancy tape systems
- Wire guided float detector
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Static pressure
- Pressure gauge
- Hydrostatic pressure – application limitations
- Volume measurement for differential vessel shapes
- Differential pressure
- Using DP for filters
- Bubble tube method
- Diaphragm box
- Weighing method
ELECTRICAL LEVEL MEASUREMENT
- Electrical level measurement
- Conductive level detectors
- Installation techniques
- Field effect level detection
- Capacitive level measurement
- Capacitive level detectors
- Level transmitter
- Level monitoring
- Level measurement technologies
LEVEL MEASUREMENT METHODS
- Ultrasonic measurements
- Radiation measurement
- Strip detectors
- Point level measurement
- Continuous level measurement
- Radar measurement
- Guided wave radar & Magnetic follower
- Density measurement
- Hydrostatic pressure, radiation and vibration
- Differential pressure
- Range suppression & elevation
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT – THERMOCOUPLE
- Principles
- Thermocouple
- Averaging temperatures
- Thermocouple – Construction, Applications
- Thermocouple – Advantages, Disadvantages and limitations
- Group exercise – Type J thermocouple
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
- Resistance temperature detectors
- 2, 3 & 4-wire RTD
- RTD typical applications, advantages & disadvantages
- Thermo well
- Head mounted transmitter
- Thermistors
- Thermistors - applications, advantages & disadvantages
- Liquid-In-Glass
- Filled devices
- Bimetallic strip
NON-CONTACT PYROMETERS
- Non-contact Pyrometers
- Infra-red pyrometers
- Infra-red pyrometers – Types, Advantages & Disadvantages
- Acoustic pyrometers
- Installation considerations
- Selection table
- Comparative transfer curves
- Future technologies
FLOW MEASUREMENT – I
- Types of flow
- Basic terms & concepts
- Flow Measurement
- Differential pressure flow meter
- Bernoulli’s equations
- Venture tube
- Pitot tube & Multiport pitot averaging
- Rotating vane meter
- Rotating lobe meter
- Oval gear meters
- Turbine flow meter
- Variable area flow meters
FLOW MEASUREMENT – II
- Mass flow meters
- Coriolis effect
- Thermal mass flow meter
- Radiation density
- Magnetic flow meter
- Ultrasonic flow measurement
- Transit time measurement
- Doppler effect
- Oscillatory flow measurement
- Vortex swirl type
- Secondary element for vortex frequency measurement
- Coanda flow meter
- Wet gas flow measurement
- Open channel flow measurement
- Multivariable flow meter
TRANSDUCER CONSIDERATION & SOURCES OF NOISE
- Instrumentation & transducer considerations
- Signal transmission pneumatic Vs. electronic
- Sources of Noise
- Noise & earthing
- Effects of Noise
SELECTING INSTRUMENTATION COMPONENTS
- Electrostatic coupling
- Minimization of electrostatic coupling
- Magnetic or inductive coupling
- Impedance coupling
- Noise reduction techniques
- Ground loop interference
- Opto-isolation of Two circuits
- Suppression of transients
- Materials of construction
- Selection and sizing
SIGNAL LINEARIZATION & SMART TRANSMITTER
- Signal linearization
- Selection criteria & consideration
- Processed material properties
- Performance, installation, economics and safety
- Measuring devices & technology
- Testing & commissioning
- Smart transmitter
INTRINSIC SAFETY AND AREA CLASSIFICATION
- Fire triangle
- Spark ignition characteristic
- Intrinsically safety circuit
- Voltage & energy limiting arrangements
- Area classification
- Area classification plan
- Area classification - Examples
- Advantages of IS instrumentation
INDIVIDUAL & TOTAL ERROR OF THE SYSTEM
- Instrument error
- Linear devices in series
- Multiple instruments connected in series
- Nonlinear devices
- Calculation of error in non-linear devices
- Smart transmitter
- Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol – HART
- Smart instrument and Fieldbus
- Testing & commissioning of subsystem
