ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Installing a safe electrical system begins with a well-planned electrical drawing. Standard symbols and lines are used to represent the different types of material, raceways, conduits, and circuit connections. Computer Aided Drafting methods are used to prepare these drawings. Reading and interpreting these drawings accurately is therefore an important skill for technical staff.
This course is designed to help students to understand the electrical lay out drawings of single line, schematic, connection and inter-connection diagrams including logic drawings.
After completing this course, students will have expert knowledge on the CAD to prepare neat and accurate electrical engineering drawings for industrial power and control applications.
ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION
An electrical distribution system is a series of electrical circuits that delivers power in the proper proportion to homes, commercial businesses and industrial facilities. In order to transfer electrical power from an alternating current (AC) or a direct current (DC) source to the place where it will be used, some type of distribution network must be utilized. It generally consists of transformers, feeders, distributors and service mains.
This course is designed to help students to understand the fundamentals of power distribution system including transformers and cable accessories.
After completing this course, students will have expert knowledge on the power distribution systems design and also energy losses in distribution systems.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND SWITCHGEAR
Selective co-ordination is a very important aspect of power system protection design. When a short circuit or an abnormal power flow occurs for a sustained period of time, the protective devices should react to isolate the problem with minimum disruption to the balance of the system. This course is designed to help students to understand the fundamentals and operation of protection system including switchgear, fuses and circuit breakers. After completing this course, students will be skilled in the operation of electrical power protection devices that improve the safety of the system.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Electrical power system operates at various voltage levels from 415 V to 400 KV or even more. Electrical apparatus used may be enclosed (e.g., motors) or placed in the open (e.g., transmission lines). All such equipment undergo abnormalities in their lifetime due to various reasons. To achieve safety of the system, electrical equipment has to be monitored to protect it and provide human safety under abnormal operating conditions.
This course is designed to help students to gain theoretical and applied understanding of power system protection, Protection schemes for various power system configurations, Fault current calculations, Protection of generators, transformers, transmission lines, bus bars and feeders.
After completing this course, students will gain professional knowledge on the emerging issues and challenges in the power system protection field related to increasing penetrations of distributed generation and intelligent, self-healing networks.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Application on Project management techniques help to a great extent, to foresee various problems associated with a project. Proactively identifying and controlling risk greatly increases the accuracy of the project’s scope, schedule and budget, as well as reduces the amount of time the team spends putting out fires.
This course is designed to help students to become familiar with the basics of time management, project management and risk management: how to initiate, plan, and execute a project that meets objectives and satisfies stakeholders.
After completing this course, students will have a very clear understanding on the extent of professionalism demanded by project management and the means to achieve that in all their endeavor.
MOTOR CONTROL
A motor is an electro-mechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The very basic principle of functioning of an electrical motor lies on the fact that force is experienced in the direction perpendicular to magnetic field and the current, when field and current are made to interact with each other. Different types of motors have been developed for specific purposes.
This course is designed to help students to become familiar with the basic theory, characteristics, construction, operation and application of rotating electrical machines. It includes the direct current motors, synchronous motors and variable speed drives.
After completing this course, students will have practical knowledge on how to safely wire and operate electrical rotating machines and their associated metering and starting equipment.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Data communications concerns the transmission of digital messages to devices external to the message source. ‘External’ devices are generally thought of as being independently powered circuitry that exists beyond the chassis of a computer or other digital message source. It is the aim of any communication system to provide the highest possible transmission rate at the lowest possible power and with the least possible noise.
This course is designed help students to have sound knowledge on the working of communication technology, network management and security, OSI layer, RS-232 and 485, fibre optics and local area networks.
After completing this course, students will have thorough knowledge on /will be well versed with the hardware and software commonly used in data communications and networking.
ETHERNET
Ethernet is a LAN technology based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 standard. As the number of users on the shared media increases, so does the probability that a user is trying to transmit data at any given time. Typically, each generation of Ethernet offers a tenfold bandwidth improvement. Even so, the Ethernet cabling schemes, CSMA/CD operation, and all upper-layer protocol operations are maintained with each generation. The net result is the same data link Media Access Control (MAC) layer (OSI Layer 2) merged with a new physical layer (OSI Layer 1).
This course is designed to help students to understand the architecture, operation and technical specifications of all Ethernet speeds including the basic concepts of OSI layer, CSMA/CD and full- duplex.
After completing this course, students will be familiar about the design, implementation and operation of Ethernet and its related technologies and standards.
COURSE OUTLINE
DRAWINGS-RELEVANCE TO ENGINEERING
- Various stage of working
- Standards and their necessity
- Standards in drawing office
- CAD system management
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT DRAWINGS
- Types of electrical layout drawings
- Area classification drawings
- Wiring diagram
- Recommended sheet size verses drawing type
SYMBOLOGY REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF DRAWING
- Symbol asper electro-technology standards
- Use of non-standard symbols
- Mining group
HAZARDOUS AREA ZONE
- Intrinsic safety systems
- Hazardous area Electrical equipment marking
- Ingress protection IP & NEMA
SINGLE LINE DRAWING
- Advantage of Single line drawing
- Information provide in single line
- Difference between single line and 3-line diagram
- Application of SLD
- Common terms associate with single line diagram
PURPOSE OF SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
- Power and Control circuit diagram
- Example of simple schematic diagram
- Commonly used symbols
- Application of schematic diagrams
- Cross reference between coils and contacts
LOGIC DIAGRAMS
- Solid state logic circuits
- Sections of the control logic circuit
- What are logic gates?
- Logic diagram for Solenoid valve circuit
- Logic diagram for pump start/stop and indication circuit
PURPOSE OF CABLING AND WIRING DRAWING
- Wiring diagrams
- Difference between cabling and wiring diagrams
- Cabling system diagram
PURPOSE OF LAYOUT DRAWINGS
- Convention used for Layout drawings
- Layout drawing of Pulse power supply
- Types of Earthing systems
- P & ID drawing in mining
INTRODUCTION TO CAD
- Capabilities of CAD
- Evolution of CAD
- Fuel gas booster compressor
- 3D models to CAM
USE OF SYMBOL AND SYMBOL LIBRARIES
- Symbol attributes
- Automated bill of material generation from CAD
- Concepts of Layer
DRAWING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- Planning and assigning of drawings
- CAD drawing guidelines
- Need for drawing numbering standards
- Drawing process flow
- Revision control and ownership of drawing
- Comments and their marking
ROLE OF ELECTRICITY
- Historical overview
- Major steps in Electrical production and use
- Power system
SINGLE-PHASE AND 3-PHASE AC SYSTEMS
- AC waveform
- Single phase generator
- 3 phase generator
- Single and 3 phase AC supply
ELECTRICAL POWER CALCULATION IN SINGLE AND 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
- Electrical power and energy
- Single phase AC power
- Power in an AC circuits
- Three phase system loads
- Three phase circuit relationship
TRANSIENTS AND HARMONICS
- Problem of low factor
- Power factor correction
- Power quality
- Harmonics
PRINCIPLES OF DISTRIBUTION
- Distribution system components
- Main equipment types
- Distribution voltage options
- Large motors at main distribution level
TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
- Radial
- Radial with redundancy
- Looped or ring type
- Mesh connections
POWER DISTRIBUTION FUNDAMENTALS
- Typical characteristics of mining power distribution
- Equipment ratings/sizing
- Needs for system planning
- Fault current calculation
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSFORMERS
- Electricity and magnetic terms
- Transformer principle
- E.M.F Equation
TRANSFORMER PARTS
- Transformer Core
- Transformer windings
- Winding Insulation
- Cooling Medium
- Transformer tank/enclosures
TRANSFORMER TAP CHANGER
- On-load tap changer
- Off-load tap changer
- In-tank tap changer
- Buchholz relay
- Other accessories
- Mining transformers
CABLE AND ITS COMPONENTS
- What is cable
- Conductor
- Insulation
- Inner sheath
- Mechanical protection
- Outer sheath
CABLE SELECTION AND SIZING CRITERIA
- Application
- Load current
- Derating factors
- Voltage drop
- Fault current withstanding
POWER CABLES FOR MINING
- Cable cross section
- Mining cable specification
- Common cable failure modes
- Controls to minimize risks
CABLE ACCESSORIES
- Splicing
- Termination
- Cable run supports
- T junctions
SYSTEM EARTHING
- Earthing types and objectives
- Types of system earthing
- Commonly adapted
ELECTRIC SHOCK
- Electric shock current threshold
- Protective earthing and touch voltage
- Classification of supply voltage
GENERATION OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
- Static charge buildup
- Voltage buildup
- Breakdown voltage
- Method of controlling static electricity
LIGHTNING
- Electrical effects
- Thermal and mechanical effects
- Lightning protection of building
- Lightning and mines
SURGE PROTECTION
- Surge protection of electrical equipment
- Surge protection zones
- Surge protection approach
- Equipotential bonding
EARTH ELECTRODES
- Choice of earth electrode
- Soil resistance
- Resistance of single rod electrode
POWER SUPPLY OPTION FOR MINING
- Mining power
- Power supply option
- Diesel power plant
ENGINE PROCESSES
- Internal combustion engines
- Multiple cylinder-benefit
- Multiple cylinder-downside
IGNITION PROCESSES
- Fuels used in engine
- Speed classifications
- Application based classifications
- Service classifications
ENGINE PARAMETER
- Basic mean effective pressure
- Engine efficiency
- Specific fuel consumption
- Ambient condition
ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS
- Turbocharger
- ISO standards
- Performance enhancement
- Typical operation procedures
DG SET CONTROL SYSTEM
- Panel components
- DG set synchronization
- Load sharing among unequal sets
- DG set package components
- DG set package planning
RATINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF SWITCHGEAR
- Standards and factors affecting circuit breaker selection
- Switchgear ratings and specifications
- Switchgear rating
- Rated insulated level
FAULTS ON SWITCHGEAR
- Symmetrical vs Asymmetrical faults
- Locking and Interlocking devices
- Degrees of protection
- Gas leakage rates
- Testing for Internal fault
- Ring main units
PROTECTION SYSTEM
- Types of protection
- Current transformer types
- Relay types
- Differential protection
- Restricted earth fault
- Switch room layout
FUSE TYPES AND APPLICATIONS
- Power system protection basic qualities
- Protection philosophy
- Standards and characteristics of fuse
- General rules for selection
- Special fuse types
- Fuse switch in cross section
AUTO RE-CLOSING
- Re-closed overhead line network
- Typical auto re-close sequence
- Pole mounted, Oil filled re-closer
- Vacuum interpreter in SF6 auto re-closer
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
- Bulk oil circuit breakers
- Minimum oil circuit breakers
- Air blast circuit breakers
- SF6 circuit breakers
- Vacuum circuit breakers
- LV circuit breakers
SAFETY
- Principle levels of competency
- Safety clearances
- Switching for safety
- Inspection checklist
FULL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
- PPE
- Hazardous liquids chart
- Fire extinguisher system
- Portable extinguishers
EXAMPLES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS TYPES
- Indoor metal enclosed type
- Metal enclosed and metal clad
- Metal clad CB panel
- Insulation for switchgear
REYROLLE PACIFIC VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND SWITCHGEARS TYPE LMVP
- Highlights
- Circuit breakers
- Interior sections of CB
- Interrupter replacement
- Operating mechanism
SPRECHER+SCHUH SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPE BS 107K IN CUBICLE PF 107
- Salient features
- Ratings
- Arrangement of removable truck
- Cross sectional view
- Operating mechanism
- Schematic view of mechanism
RING MAIN UNIT SWITCHGEAR
- Fuse switch in cross section
- Ratings of switch
- Case study
- Factors to consider
ASSET MANAGEMENT
- Components of cost
- Comparative circuit breaker life time costs
- Asset management objectives
ASSET REGISTERS
- CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE (CBM)
- Reliability centered maintenance
- Risk matrix
- Insulation deterioration
- Semi-permanent monitoring
- Continuous monitoring
PARTIAL DISCHARGE
- Locating partial discharge sites
- Partial discharge testing by acoustic methods
- K&R contact micro-ohm meter
- Measurement of contact resistance
- Trip coil monitoring
- SF6 gas monitoring
- Some checks and tests on SF6 breakers
SWITCHGEAR MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
- Maintenance items specific to distribution switchgear
- Problem found during maintenance
- Action diagram
HARMONICS AND UNBALANCED SUPPLY VOLTAGES
- What is harmonics
- Linear and nonlinear loads
- Characteristics and components of harmonics
- Overheating of transformers
- Limits of harmonics in power system
INTRODUCTION TO HAZARDOUS AREA
- Hazardous liquids charts
- Piper alpha
- Risk assessment
- Electrical equipment as ignition sources
- Vapour density
RISK ASSESSMENT
- Dusts
- Equipment
- Gas/Apparatus/Equipment grouping
- Temperature classification
EXPLOSION PROTECTION TECHNIQUE
- Selection types for ignition prevention
- Examples for explosion protection system
PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS
- Power system protection
- Protection philosophy
- Protection system components
CALCULATION FAULT CURRENTS
- Possible faults
- Magnitudes of fault currents
- Per unit impedance in fault calculations
- Calculation of short circuit
- Calculations using impedance
EARTHING AND ITS REVELANCE TO PROTECTION
- Type of system and earthing fault magnitude
- Effects of electricity on humans
- Electric shock modes of contact
- Earth loop resistance and protection
PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND COORDINATION
- Protection approach
- Fuses types
- Fuse application
- Digital protection features
- Typical modern relays
- Extended protection
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
- Purpose of circuit breakers
- Types of circuit breakers
- Battery construction
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
- Theory of Operation
- Voltage Transformer
- Current Transformer
- CT magnetizing curve
- Polarity
RELAY TYPES
- Two basic protection types
- Operation of IDMTL relay
- Current setting IDMTL relay
- Time multiplier setting
- Different operating curves
- Intelligent electronic devices
PROTECTION COORDINATION
- Basic principle
- Time and current coordination
- Characteristics of IDMT relay
- Ideal coordination of setting curves
FEEDER PROTECTION
- Unit Protection
- Advantages of unit protection
- Feeder protection
- 3 phase over current and earth fault
- Directional protection
TYPICAL PROTECTION IN COLLIERY
- Ground leakage protection
- Ground leakage sensitivities
- Pilot wire monitor
- Earth fault lockout
- NER monitor
NEED TO PROTECT BUSBARS
- Protection
- Frame leakage BB protection
- Busbar blocking scheme
- Zone selective interlocking scheme
- Optical sensing
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
- Inter Turn and Core faults
- Delta star transformer
- Transformer earth fault current
- Resistance earth neutral
- Earth fault protection
- Buchholz protection
ELECTRIC MOTORS
- Failure breakup
- Protection needed by AC motors
- Protection of motors
- Most important failure windings
THERMAL MODE OF MOTORS
- Steady state temperature
- Temperature rise multiple starts
- Effect of unbalanced current
- Hot and cold condition
- Starting problems
- Relay providing protection
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION
- Earth fault LV
- Earth fault HV- Low resistance earthing
- Earth fault HV- High resistance earthing
- Negative sequence protection
- Temperature based protection
- Other protection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
- Small and medium sized Industrial generators
- Generators- Electrical fault
- Generators- Mechanical faults
- Earth fault protection
- Overload protection
- Overcurrent protection
GENERATOR UNBALANCE PROTECTION
- Rotor fault protection
- Change of field distribution
- Field failure
- Out of synchronization
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
- Typical generator protection
- Functions of maintenance
- Issues of maintenance
- Configuration records
TIME MANAGEMENT
- Availability and management of time
- Indicators of poor time management
- Checklist on time management
- Time Wasters
- Peak Performance periods
- Elements of Effective Time Management
PERSONAL PORTFOLIO
- Creating a Personal Portfolio
PROJECT MANAGEMENT BASICS
- Basic aspects of Project Management
- Project life cycle
- Project Plan
- Work Breakdown-Basis, Work package , Criteria ,Pitfalls
SCHEDULING
- Presenting the Schedule
- AON
- Gantt Chart
- PERT
RISK MANAGEMENT
- Risk-Definition
- Risk sources
- Establishing Context
- Risk Identification
- Risk Assessment
- Risk treatment
- Risk Analysis-Types
MOTOR ACTION
- Motor applications in mining
- Energy conversion
- Review – Magnetic field
- Fleming Left hand rule
- A generator or a Motor action
- Fundamental electromechanical converter
AC INDUCTION MOTOR
- Basic construction
- Stator and Rotor
- Equivalent circuit of AC motor
- Motor Performance
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- Synchronous motor action
- Synchronous motor losses
- Applications
INTRODUCTION TO DC MOTOR
- Principles of operation
- DC motor fundamentals
- Electromagnetic circuit electromechanical features of DC machines
- Construction of DC machine
DC MOTORS CLASSIFICATION
- Principles of operation
- Back EMF or Counter EMF
- Separately Exited DC motor
- Series DC Motor
- Shunt Excited DC Motor
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
- Speed control
- Characteristics of various types of DC motors
- Electrical braking of DC motors
- Plugging – DC Motors
- Dynamic – DC Motors
- Regenerative Braking – DC Motors
BRUSHLESS AND BLDC MOTORS
- BLDC Motor construction
- BLDC Motor operation
- Comparison of Bruch and Brushless DC motors
- DC Motors for mining applications
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES
- Need for VSD
- Benefits of variable speed
- Load torque
- Torque load ability curve
- Main types of VSD
TYPES OF MECHANICAL VSD
- Mechanical variable speed methods and speed ratios
- Variable speed belt drives
- Mechanical coupling
- Cone and Friction disc drivers
- Gearboxes
- Synchromesh transmission
- Eddy current coupling
ELECTRICAL VSD & MOTOR STRESSES
- Power electronic converters
- Overall control system
- Protection of VSD components
- Life of the Electrical motor
- Worked example
GEAR BOXES AND BRAKES
- Gear train
- Brake selection
- Brake – torque and energy
- Worked examples
VSD CONTROL SYSTEMS
- Levels of control
- Closed loop feedback control system
- Closed loop VSD
- Cascade loop controller
VECTOR CONTROL
- Sensor less vector control drives
- Vector control performance
- Current feedback
- Speed feedback
- Vector control regulator diagram
MOTOR CONTROL
- Drive control loops
- Direct Torque control
- Thyristor drives
- Ward- leonard system
- Motor control centres
OSI MODEL
STANDARDS AND NUMBER SYSTEMS
- Standards
- Number systems
- Binary codes
- Baudot
- EBCDIC
- ASCII
COMMUNICATION MODES
- Simplex and duplex
- Synchronous and asynchronous transmission
- NRZ vs. Manchester
- Amplitude, Phase and Frequency modulation
- RS-232
- Introduction
- Connections
- Voltage levels
- Asynchronous Transmission format
- ASCII Table
- Limitations
MEASURING RS-232 VOLTAGE
- Eavesdropping
- Limitation
- Most versatile TIL standard
- Data signaling vs. cable strength
RS-485 VOLTAGE
- RS-485 Transmission
- Two wire network
- Four wire network
- Signal on terminated and unterminated line
- RS-485 vs. RS-232
20MA LOOP AND BELL-202
OSI LAYERS
- What is protocol
- Data link protocols specify
- DF-1
- ASCII Table
- DF-1 Control characteristics
- Normal Message Transfer
MODBUS
- Modbus serial
- OSI Layer implementation
- Client server interaction
- Modbus transactions
- RTU mode
- ASCII mode
CABLES, CONNECTORS AND ITS TYPES
- Selection criteria
- Preferred cable types
- D-type connectors
- RJ-45 Connectors
- Transient Protection
FIBRE OPTICS
- Applications
- Fibre optic cable components
- Construction of optic fibre
- Graded Index multimode fibre
- ST connector
- Trace from an OTDR
INTERNET
- Why internet is so important
- Is there anything to be worried about
OSI – KEY CONCEPTS
- Encapsulation
- De-encapsulation
OSI LAYER – PHYSICAL LAYER
- Cable type
- UTP
- CSMA/CD
- Media Access methods
- CSMA/CD operation
- Token Passing
- Token passing operation
- A schematical representation
OSI - NETWORK LAYER
- Bus topology
- Star topology
- ARP Request and reply
- TCP and UDP datagram
CONCEPTS OF FULL-DUPLEX
- Data communication
- Components of data communication
- Data flow
- Parallel and serial data
- Synchronous and Asynchronous serial transmission
- Data multiplexing
AUTO-NEGOTIATION
- Transmissions
- Copper ANEG
- Fibre ANEG
- /C/ ordered sets
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STANDARD AND FAST ETHERNET
LINKING DATA LINK LAYER AND NETWORK LAYER
- Address Resolution protocol (ARP)
- Encapsulation and addressing
DIFFERENT NETWORKS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO A ROUTER
CLIENT SERVER MODEL
- Port number identify applications
- Explanation with diagram
TWO TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOL
- User datagram protocol
- Transmission control protocol
USES OF SWITCHES IN VLAN AND REDUNDANT RINGS
- Virtual LAN
- Uses of VLAN
- Redundancy rings
INDUSTRIAL ETHERNET
- Deterministic operation
- Cable and connectors
- Difference between hubs and switches
ETHERNET IN MINING
- Industrial network
- Monitoring network
- Ethernet based coal mining system
- Serial to Ethernet for mining automation
- Ethernet for tunnel monitoring
POWER OVER ETHERNET (POE)
- Advantages
- Devices
- How it works?
- Power classes
- Intrinsic safety
- Ethernet determinism
- Hardened devices
